Volume 2 · Chapter 03
Negative and Past
Say did, did not, is not, and was not without overbuilding grammar.
You need four basic time/yes-no shapes:
- present/future positive
- I go / I will go
- present/future negative
- I do not go / I will not go
- past positive
- I went
- past negative
- I did not go
Japanese polite verbs make this very regular.
You will use this chapter in day-to-day decisions:
- Will this happen? (present negative)
- Did it happen? (past positive)
- Did it not happen? (past negative)
The polite pattern
- go / will go
- do not go / will not go
- went
- did not go
This is why polite Japanese is a good starting point: the endings are predictable.
More verbs
- I eat.
- I do not eat.
- I ate.
- I did not eat.
- I buy.
- I do not buy.
- I bought.
- I did not buy.
です and だ sentences for quick survival
For now, this is practical:
- Noun + です / noun + じゃないです
- Noun + でした / noun + じゃないでした (less common in polite speaking)
You will often hear the full formal ではありません in announcements and service counters.
For nouns and many な-adjectives, the negative is often じゃないです.
- It is okay.
- It is not okay.
- It is necessary.
- It is not necessary.
You will also hear the more formal ではありません, but じゃないです is a practical recognition and speaking form.
Common mistakes to avoid
- past negative is done by replacing ます with ませんでした
- did not drink
- it was okay
Full pattern list
Use this table for instant conversion:
- 行きます
- 行きません
- 行きました
- 行きませんでした
- 見ます
- 見ません / 見ませんでした
- 大丈夫です
- 大丈夫じゃないです
- 必要です
- 必要じゃないです
Worked examples
- I go / I will go.
- I do not go / I will not go.
- I went.
- I did not go.
- Did you go?
- It is okay.
- It is not okay.
- I went to the hospital yesterday.
- I will not go today.
- I have not eaten yet.
- I did not work here today.
Listening mini practice
Randomized practice
Tense Practice
-
Meaning
行きます。
I go / I will go.
-
Meaning
行きません。
I do not go.
-
Meaning
行きました。
I went.
-
Meaning
行きませんでした。
I did not go.
-
Meaning
食べます。
I eat.
-
Meaning
食べませんでした。
I did not eat.
-
Meaning
買います。
I buy.
-
Meaning
買いませんでした。
I did not buy.
-
Say it
Say I have not eaten yet.
まだ食べていません。
-
Say it
Say we did not come.
来ませんでした。
-
Read it
What does じゃないです mean?
Negative for noun/adjectival copula in spoken polite style.
-
Say it
Ask if they are okay in polite form.
大丈夫ですか。
-
Say it
Say they are not okay.
大丈夫じゃないです。
-
Say it
Say yesterday was busy and I did not go.
昨日、忙しくて行きませんでした。
-
Trap
じゃないでした
Use 必要ありません for this context. A safer form is 大丈夫じゃないです for polite negative.